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Het onderzoeksprotocol is bedoeld voor artsen, onderzoekers en mensen die meer willen weten over de wetenschappelijke achtergrond betreffende 'De voedselzandloper'.
Opmerking: dit protocol is specifiek geschreven voor type 2 diabetespatiënten, hoewel de voedselzandloper kan gebruikt worden door iedereen die gezonder wil leven en die het risico op verouderingsziektes (zoals ondermeer diabetes) wil verminderen. RESEARCH PROTOCOL
A novel concept for nutrition guidance in type 2 diabetes and overweight patients
Problem Currently, patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are advised to follow dietary guidelines issued by national organizations, like the American Diabetes Association (ADA) or the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). However, the health benefits that are brought about by such recommendations are rather modest. For example, patients following the American Diabetes Association guidelines reduce on average their HbA1c with 0.4 percent (1). Yet there exist various diets that could have a more substantial health impact. For example, a more vegetarian-based diet for diabetes patients is three times as effective in reducing HbA1c1 compared with patients following the ADA diet guidelines (1). A low-glycemic index diet made it 75 percent less likely to increase diabetes medication than an ADA diet (2). A hypocaloric mainly vegetable-based diet can even reverse diabetes in all subjects in eight weeks time (3). These and similar studies show that nutrition can substantially impact disease in type 2 diabetes patients. However, providing diet guidelines that can be adhered to by patients in the long term and that can change often deeply rooted eating habits are not easy to implement. Solution We developed the food hourglass, a nutrition model to help type 2 diabetes patients to make healthier food choices, in order to improve their cardiometabolic health and lose weight. The food hourglass is an alternative to a low-fat or low-carb/high-protein diet for diabetes patients. The food hourglass represents a new type of diet, called a low-glycemic load healthy macronutrient diet (HMD). The food hourglass is an illustration in the shape of an hourglass (2 triangles facing each other). The upper triangle contains less healthy food of which the intake should be reduced, while the lower triangle contains healthier food of which the intake should be increased. Each colored layer in one triangle has a corresponding colored layer in the opposite triangle so that patients can easily see how to replace one food by a healthier alternative. For example, red meat in the red layer in the upper triangle can be replaced with poultry or fish in the corresponding red layer in the lower triangle. The food hourglass draws on insights from diverse fields like endocrinology, biogerontology, evolutionary medicine and nutrition science. The food hourglass emphasizes a substantial reduction of specific starchy foods (temporarily or indefinitely). These starchy foods (SFDs) are bread, potatoes, pasta and rice. Comparable recommendations can be found in the Harvard food pyramid, the Mayo Clinic food pyramid and the official Austrian and Swiss food pyramid. These food models put less emphasis on starchy foods like (whole grain) bread, potatoes, pasta and rice. For example, the base of the Mayo Clinic Food Pyramid and Austrian food pyramid (originally composed of bread, potatoes, pasta and rice) is completely replaced by vegetables and fruits. Potatoes have been moved to the off-limit top of the Harvard food pyramid (together with red meat), and placed in the same category as soda and sweets. The rationale behind these changes is that high glycemic index (GI) and high glycemic load (GL) diets are comprised of foods that produce high blood sugar peaks (high GI) and deliver large amounts of easy-digestible carbohydrates in the form of sugars and starch (high GL), which increases the risk of metabolic diseases like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. For example, a prospective study following 15,714 women for nine years showed that the highest quartile of dietary glycemic load was associated with a 47 percent increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared to the lowest quartile, further increasing to 78 percent for overweight women (4). A high glycemic load and low fibre diet was associated with a doubling of the risk of type 2 diabetes (N = 43 000; RR 2,17) (5). A prospective study following a cohort of 75,521 women for ten years showed that the risk of coronary heart disease for the highest glycemic load quintile was 98 percent higher (6). A prospective study of 64,227 Chinese women for 4 to 6 years showed an association between glycemic index, glycemic load and type 2 diabetes, especially for the glycemic load and rice intake (7). An intake of high GL foods was associated with a significantly increased stroke risk (RR 2,21; N = 44099) (23). Additionally, studies have shown that low glycemic index diets are superior to low-fat diets in terms of improving cardiovascular biomarkers and weight loss. A Cochrane meta-review showed that ad libitum low glycemic index diets are superior to caloric restricted low-fat diets in terms of lipid profiles and weight loss (8). Adhering to a low glycemic index diet improves metabolic parameters more than an isocaloric low-fat diet (challenging the assumption that a calorie is always a calorie) (9). A hypocaloric mainly vegetable-based diet without bread, potatoes, pasta and rice can reverse diabetes in eight weeks time (3). In the food hourglass, we do promote the use of one particular grain product, namely oatmeal, which can serve as a substitute for bread, especially during breakfast. Oatmeal has a lower glycemic index than white, brown bread and many wholemeal breads and contains water soluble beta-glucans (fibres) that have a beneficial impact on cholesterol and glucose levels. In contrast to wholemeal bread, oatmeal has been granted a health claim by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and studies show that it can confer health benefits to diabetes patients. Diabetes patients with difficult to regulate glucose levels who were put on a two-day oatmeal diet, were able to reduce their insulin medication by 40 percent, an effect that lasted for at least four weeks after this intervention (10). Consuming oatmeal instead of higher glycemic index cereals and bread, resulted in lower blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes patients (11). The food hourglass enables patients to replace bread and cereals with oatmeal during breakfast, and to replace potatoes, pasta and rice more with legumes (beans, lentils, peas, …), mushrooms and an extra portion of (other) vegetables for lunch and dinner. For example, a study among 1,879 adults showed that substituting one serving of beans for one serving of white rice was associated with a 35 percent lower risk of the metabolic syndrome (12). The food hourglass advocates vegetables, legumes, oatmeal and fruit as basic bulk foods to improve blood sugar levels and to attain healthy weight loss. Besides the reduction of starchy high glycemic load foods, the food hourglass recommends replacing red meat more often with white meat and fish. This is because an increased intake of red meat is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer (13) (N= 120 000). A study with almost half a million Europeans showed a 44 percent increase in mortality in people who ate more than 160 grams of processed meat a day compared to 10–19,9 grams per day (15). A 12-year follow-up study of 27,147 individuals showed an association between meat intake, total protein intake and type 2 diabetes (14). Substituting red meat with healthier protein sources like chicken reduces mortality by 14 percent (13). Increasing the intake of fish, especially fatty fish, is associated with reduced cardiovascular mortality and improved cardiovascular parameters (16). Red meat can also be replaced with tofu (soy) and quorn (a protein-rich food product made of a fungus). Regarding dairy, cheese is the only dairy product that is recommended, being an important source of menaquinone (vitamin K2) and trans-palmitoleic acid in the western diet. Milk is not recommended because of the insulinotropic effects of milk (17,18) and other possible negative health effects of milk in the long term (19–21). Soda and other sugar- sweetened beverages are advised against (like commercial low-fibre fruit juice). Ample amounts of water, and further tea, alcohol in moderation, low-sugar vegetable milk and coffee are healthier drink alternatives. The food hourglass further advocates healthy snacks (like nuts, dark chocolate, soy yoghurt, fruit, . . .) and the use of healthier sugar substitutes (like stevia, tagatose, sugar alcohols and other compounds that result in reduced sugar and insulin increments) and healthy vegetable fats. Further discussion It’s well known that it’s often difficult for patients to adhere to dietary guidelines, especially in the long term. The food hourglass can make long-term compliance more likely and can provide more pronounced health benefits for type 2 diabetes patients compared to low-fat diets and low carb/high-protein diets. Firstly, a model shaped like an hourglass can make a more clear distinction between foods that are recommended (in the lower triangle) and food products that should be consumed less (in the upper triangle). Additionally, the corresponding similar colored layers in both triangles clearly provide alternatives for the dissuaded foods. While we do put limits on portions for certain foods (like alcohol, chocolate or meat) we want to keep the dietary guidelines as clear and simple as possible. We deliberately don’t want to encumber patients with calorie counting, calculating protein or fat content or weighing foods, methods that can reduce compliance in the long term. As studies show, low glycemic index and glycemic load diets negate the need for calorie-restricted diets: patients can follow ad libitum low GI/GL diets and still lose weight and improve cardiovascular parameters (8). The food hourglass model enables patients to quickly see and understand some important dietary principles (less high glycemic load foods, more healthy protein sources, more healthy fats), while at the same time providing clear alternatives that can direct them to healthier food choices. In this way, the food hourglass can also be very useful for medical practitioners in a clinical setting, when they need to provide extensive dietary advice but only have a limited amount of consultation time. Regarding the content of the food hourglass, the model not only incorporates the hypothesis that an increased intake of unhealthy fats increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and weight gain, but also includes the more recent hypothesis that high glycemic load foods play a role in metabolic diseases and the obesity epidemic as well (22). Contrary to low-carb/high-protein or low-fat diets, the food hourglass doesn’t advise against or favors specific macronutrients (carbs, fats or protein). Instead, it recommends the use of more healthier foods in each macronutrient group, namely low glycemic index and load carbohydrates, healthy protein sources (fish, poultry, vegetable protein, …) and healthy fats. We call this diet a low glycemic load healthy macronutrient diet (HMD), that can serve as an alternative to low-carb/high-protein and low-fat diets. In conclusion, the food hourglass wants to empower patients to make healthier food choices by providing a model that quickly and clearly explains some important dietary principles to improve metabolic biomarkers, reduce the risk of aging-associated diseases and attain weight loss. Additional information Study type Interventional study. Title “The food hourglass: a low glycemic load healthy macronutrient diet (HMD) and novel model for nutrition guidance in type 2 diabetes and overweight patients.” Intervention Adherence of type 2 diabetes patients to a fiber-rich low glycemic load healthy macronutrient diet (HMD) that involves a strict interpretation of the food hourglass. Duration of the study 8 weeks, 6 months or 12 months. Primary outcome measures
Secondary outcome measures
Tertiary outcome measures
Estimated enrollment 10-40 patients. Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria for this study
Auxiliary aids Patients will be provided with a full-color illustration of the food hourglass and a set of recipes and follow-up consultations. References 1. Barnard, N. D. et al. A low-fat vegan diet improves glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in a randomized clinical trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29, 1777–83 (2006). 2. Ma, Y. et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing low-glycemic index versus ADA dietary education among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition 24, 45–56 (2008). 3. Lim, E. L. et al. Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol. Diabetologia 54, 2506–14 (2011). 4. Beulens, J. W. J. et al. High dietary glycemic load and glycemic index increase risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged women: a population-based follow-up study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50, 14–21 (2007). 5. Salmerón, J. et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 20, 545–50 (1997). 6. Liu, S. et al. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 1455–61 (2000). 7. Villegas, R. et al. Prospective study of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Chinese women. Arch. Intern. Med. 167, 2310–6 (2007). 8. Thomas, D. E., Elliott, E. J. & Baur, L. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for overweight and obesity. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD005105 (2007). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005105.pub2 9. Ebbeling, C. B. et al. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA 307, 2627–34 (2012). 10. Lammert, A. et al. Clinical benefit of a short term dietary oatmeal intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe insulin resistance: a pilot study. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 116, 132–4 (2008). 11. Chandalia, M. et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 1392–8 (2000). 12. Mattei, J., Hu, F. B. & Campos, H. A higher ratio of beans to white rice is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors in Costa Rican adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94, 869–76 (2011). 13. Pan, A. et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch. Intern. Med. 172, 555–63 (2012). 14. Ericson, U. et al. High intakes of protein and processed meat associate with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Br. J. Nutr. 109, 1143–53 (2013). 15. Rohrmann, S. et al. Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med. 11, 63 (2013). 16. Hu, F. B., Cho, E., Rexrode, K. M., Albert, C. M. & Manson, J. E. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women. Circulation 107, 1852–7 (2003). 17. Nilsson, M., Stenberg, M., Frid, A. H., Holst, J. J. & Björck, I. M. E. Glycemia and insulinemia in healthy subjects after lactose-equivalent meals of milk and other food proteins: the role of plasma amino acids and incretins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 80, 1246–53 (2004). 18. Qin, L.-Q., He, K. & Xu, J.-Y. Milk consumption and circulating insulin-like growth factor-I level: a systematic literature review. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 60 Suppl 7, 330–40 (2009). 19. Allen, N. E. et al. Animal foods, protein, calcium and prostate cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br. J. Cancer 98, 1574–81 (2008). 20. Chan, J. M. et al. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk in the Physicians’ Health Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 74, 549–54 (2001). 21. Park, M. et al. Consumption of milk and calcium in midlife and the future risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 64, 1047–51 (2005). 22. Hu, F. B. Diet and cardiovascular disease prevention the need for a paradigm shift. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 50, 22–4 (2007). 23. Sieri S. et al. Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic Index and Risk of Cerebrovascular Disease in the EPICOR Cohort. PLoS One (2013). |